NLRC4 , also known as IPAF, is a member of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. The NLR proteins share a conserved DNA-binding NACHT domain, a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain responsible for pathogen pattern recognition. NLRC4 was found to play an important role in the innate immune response against bacterial infection. During Gram-negative bacteria infections, such as Shigella, Salmonella, Legionella, or Pseudomonas, NLRC4 detects and is activated by translocated bacterial flagellin or PrgJ-like rod proteins subsequently resulting in the assembly of the NLRC4 inflammasome. The activated inflammasome drives proteolytic activation of caspase-1, leading to the processing and secretion of the proinflamatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18.